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Lacroix, G.L., D.J. Hood, and J.A. Smith.  1995.  Stability of microhabitat use by brook trout and juvenile Atlantic salmon after stream acidification.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124 (4): 588-598.

Ladle, M., and J.A.B. Bass.  1981.  The ecology of a small chalk stream and its responses to drying during drought conditions.  Arch. Hydrobiol.  90: 448-466.

Lafferty, K.D., C.C. Swift, and R.F. Ambrose.  1999.  Extirpation and recolonization in a metapopulation of an endangered fish, the tidewater goby.  Conservation Biology 13 (6): 1447-1453.

Lafferty, K.D., C.C. Swift, and R.F. Ambrose.  1999.  Post flood persistence and recolonization of endangered tidewater goby populations.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19: 618-622.

Lamb, B.L.  1989.  Comprehensive technologies and decision-making: reflections on the instream flow incremental methodology.  Fisheries 14 (5): 122-16.

Lamb, B.L.  1993.  Quantifying instream flows: matching policy and technology.  Pages 7-1 to 7-22 in: L.J. MacDonnell and T.A. Rice, editors.  Instream flow protection in the West.  Revised edition.  University of Colorado Natural Resources Law Center, Boulder. 

Lambert, T.R., and J.M. Handley.  1980.  An instream flow needs study involving smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) in the San Joaquin River, California.  Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 80: 433-442.

Lambert, T.R., and D.F. Hanson.  1989.  Development of habitat suitability criteria for trout in small streams.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 3 (1?]4): 291?]303.

Lamouroux, N., H. Capra, and M. Pouilly.  1998.  Predicting habitat suitability for lotic fish: linking statistical hydraulic models with multivariate habitat usage models.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 3 (1-4): 291-442.

Lamouroux, N., H. Capra, M. Pouilly, and Y. Souchon.  1999.  Fish habitat preferences at the local scale in large streams of southern France.  Freshwater Biology 42: 1-25.

Lamouroux, N., J.M. Olivier, H. Persat, M. Pouilly, Y. Souchon, and B. Statzner.  1999.  Predicting community characteristics from habitat conditions: fluvial fish and hydraulics.  Freshwater Biology 42: 1-25.

Lamouroux, N., N.L. Poff, and P.L. Angermeier.  2002.  Intercontinental convergence of stream fish community traits along geomorphic and hydraulic gradients.  Ecology 83 (7): 1792-1807.

Lamouroux, N., Y. Souchon, and E. Herouin.  1995.  Predicting velocity frequency distributions in stream reaches.  Water Resour. Res. 31: 2367-2375.

Lamouroux, N., B. Statzner, U. Fuchs, F. Kohmann, and U. Schmedtje.  1992.  An unconventional approach to modeling spatial and temporal variability of local shear stress in stream segments.  Water Resources Research 28: 3251-3258.

Lancaster, J., and A.G. Hildrew.  1993.  Flow refugia and the microdistribution of lotic invertebrates.  J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 12 (4): 385-393.

Lancaster, J., and A.G. Hildrew.  1993.  Characterizing in-stream flow refugia.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50: 1663-1675.  

Lane, E.W., and W.M. Borland.  1972.  River-bed scour during floods.  Pages 303-313 in: S.A. Schumm, editor.  Benchmark papers in geology: river morphology.  Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.

Lanka, R.P., W.A. Hubert, and T.A. Wesche.  1987.  Relations of geomorphology to stream habitat and trout standing stock in small Rocky Mountain streams.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116 (1): 21-28.

Lapointe, M., B. Eaton, S. Driscoll, and C. Latulippe.  2000.  Modelling the probability of salmonid egg pocket scour due to floods.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57 (6): 1120-1130.

Larimore, R.W., W.F. Childers, and C. Heckrotte.  1959.  Destruction and reestablishment of stream fish and invertebrates affected by drought.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 88: 261-285.

Larimore, R.W., and D.D. Garrels.  1985.  Assessing habitats used by warmwater stream fishes.  Fisheries 10 (2): 10-16.

Lasserre, G., M.I. Bebars, and T. Lam Hoai.  1997.  Analysis of Egyptian marine and lagoon fishery landings in relation to the construction of the Aswan Dam.  Oceanologica Acta 20: 421-436.

Latka, D.C.  1994.  Habitat use by shovelnose sturgeon in the channelized Missouri River and selected tributary confluences.  Master’s thesis, Iowa State University, Ames.

Latka, D.C., and J.W. Yahnke.  1986.  Simulating the roosting habitat of sandhill cranes and validating suitability-of-use indices.  Pages 19-22 in: J. Verner, M.L. Morrison, and C.J. Ralph (eds.).  Wildlife 2000: modelling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates.  Univ. Wisc. Press, Madison, WI.

Latterell, J.J., K.D. Fausch, C.Gowan, and S.C. Riley.  1998.  Relationship of trout recruitment to snowmelt runoff flows and adult trout abundance in six Colorado mountain streams.  Rivers 6 (4): 240-250.

Lavin, M.F., V.M. Godinez, and L.G. Alvarez.  1998.  Inverse-estuarine features of the upper Gulf of California.  Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 47:769-795.

Lavin, M.F., and S. Sanchez.  1999.  On how the Colorado River affected the hydrology of the upper Gulf of California.  Continental Shelf Research 19: 1545-1560.

Lawson, P.W.  1993.  Cycles in ocean productivity, trends in habitat quality, and the restoration of salmon runs in Oregon.  Fisheries 18 (8): 6-10.

Layher, W.G., and K.L. Brunson.  1992.  A modification or the Habitat Evaluation Procedure for determining instream flow requirements in warmwater streams.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 121 (1): 47-54.

Layher, W.G., and O.E. Maughan.  1985.  Relations between habitat variables and channel catfish populations in prairie streams.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 114 (6): 771-781.

Layher, W.G., and O.E. Maughan.  1987.  Modeling habitat requirements of a euryhabitat species.  Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 90 (1-2): 60-70.

Layher, W.G., and O.E. Maughan.  1987.  Spotted bass habitat suitability related to fish occurrence and biomass and measurements of physicochemical variables.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7 (2): 238-251.

LeCren, E.D.  1965.  Some factors regulating the size of populations of freshwater fish.  Mitt. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 13: 88-105.

Leclerc, M., J.A. Bechard, P. Boudreau, and L. Belzile.  1996.  Numerical method for modelling spawning habitat dynamics of landlocked salmon (Salmo salar).  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 12: 273-287.

Leclerc, M., A. Boudreault, J.A. Bechard, L. Belzile, and D. Villeneuve.  1990.  A model of habitat dynamics applied to landlocked salmon (Salmo salar) juveniles of the Ashuapmushuan River (Quebec, Canada).  Bull. Fr. Peche Piscic. 332: 11-32.

Leclerc, M., A. Boudreault, J.A. Bechard, and G. Corfa.  1995.  Two-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling: a neglected tool in the instream flow incremental methodology.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124 (5): 645-662.

LeCoarer, Y., and B. Dumont.  1995.  Modelisation de la morphdynamique fluviale pour la recherche des relations habitat/faune aquatique.  Coloque “Habitat-Poissons” Bulletin Francaise de la Peche et de la Pisciculture 337/338/339: 309-316.

Leftwich, K.N., P.L. Angermeier, and C.A. Dolloff.  1997.  Factors influencing behavior and transferability of habitat models for a benthic stream fish.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126: 725-734.

Leidy, R.A.  1992.  Microhabitat selection by the johnny darter, Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque, in a Wyoming stream.  Great Basin Naturalist 52:68-74.

Leith, R.M., and P.H. Whitfield.  1998.  Evidence of climate change effects on hydrology of streams in south-central B.C.  Can. Water Resources J. 23: 219-230.

Leitman, H.M., M.R. Darst, and J.J. Nordhaus.  1991.  Fishes in the forested floodplain of the Ochlockonee River, Forida, during flood and drought conditions.  U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations Report 90-4202, Denver, Colorado.

Leitman, H.M., J.E. Sohm, and M.A. Franklin.  1983.  Wetland hydrology and tree distribution of the Apalachicola River flood plain, Florida.  USGS Water Supply Paper 2196-A.

Leman, V.N.  1993.  Spawning sites of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta: microhydrological regime and viability of progeny in redds (Kamchatka River Basin).  Journal of Ichthyology 33: 104?]117.

Leonard, P.M., and D.J. Orth.  1988.  Use of habitat guilds to determine instream flow requirements.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 8 (4): 399-409.

Leonard, P.M., and D.J. Orth.  1988.  Habitat-use guilds and selection of instream flow target species.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Biological Report 89 [11]: 1-20).

Leonard, P.M., D.J. Orth, and C.J. Goudreau.  1986.  Development of a method for recommending instream flows for fishes in the upper James River basin.  Virginia Water Resources Research Bulletin 152, Blacksburg.

Leopold, L.B.  1962.  Rivers.  American Scientist 50: 511-537.

Leopold, L.B.  1994.  A view of the river.  Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Leopold, L.B., M.G. Wolman, and J.P. Miller.  1962.  Fluvial processes in geomorphology.  W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.

Letcher, B.H, and T.D. Terrick.  1998.  Maturation of male age-0 Atlantic salmon following a massive, localized flood.  Journal of Fish Biology 53: 1243-1252.

Lewin, J.  1978.  Floodplain geomorphology.  Progress in Physical Geography 2: 408-437.

Lewis, F.G.  1997.  Relationships of river flow and other environmental characteristics with the structure and function of biological communities in Apalachicola Bay, Florida.  Northwest Florida Water Management District, Draft final report to the ACF/ACT Comprehensive Study, Havana, Florida.

Lewis, F.G.  1997.  Apalachicola River and Bay water demand element: summary and integration of Apalachicola Bay studies.  Northwest Florida Water Management District, Draft final report to the ACF/ACT Comprehensive Study, Havana, Florida.

Lewis, S.L.  1969.  Physical factors influencing fish populations in pools of a trout stream.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 98 (1): 14-19.

Li, H.W., C.B. Schreck, and K.J. Rodnick.  1984.  Assessment of habitat quality models for cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) for Oregon...  In: J.W. Terrell (ed.), Proceedings of a workshop on fish habitat suitability index models.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Biological Report 85[6]).

Lichatowich, J.A.  1989.  Habitat alteration and changes in abundance of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in Oregon coastal streams.  In: Proceedings of the National Workshop on Effects of Habitat Alteration on Salmonid Stocks, C.D. Levings, L.B. Holtby, and M.A. Henderson (eds.).  Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 105, pp. 92-99.

Ligon, F.K., W.E. Dietrich, and W.J. Trush.  1995.  Downstream ecological effects of dams.  BioScience 45: 183-192.

Lisle, T.E.  1986.  Stabilization of a gravel channel by large streamside obstructions and bedrock bends, Jacoby Creek, northwestern California.  Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 97: 999?]1011.

Lisle, T.E.  1989.  Sediment transport and resulting deposition in spawning gravels, north coastal California.  Water Resources Research 25: 1303?]1319.

Lisle, T.E., and J. Lewis.  1992.  Effects of sediment transport on survival of salmonid embryos in a natural stream: a simulation approach.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49: 2337?]2344.

Lister, D.B., and H.S. Genoe.  1970.  Stream habitat utilization by cohabiting underyearlings of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Big Qualicum River.  Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 27: 1215-1224.

Lister, D.B., and C.E. Walker.  1966.  The effect of flow control on freshwater survival of chum, coho and chinook salmon in the Big Qualicum River.  Canadian Fish Culturist 37: 3-25.

Livingston, R.J.  1997.  Trophic response of estuarine fishes to long-term changes of river runoff.  Bulletin of Marine Science 60: 984-1004.

Livingston, R.J., F.G. Lewis, G.C. Woodum, X.-F. Niu, B. Galperin, W. Huang, J.D. Christensen, M.E. Monaco, T.A. Battista, C.J. Klein, R.L. Howell IV, and G.L. Ray.  2000.  Modelling oyster population response to variation in freshwater input.  Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 50: 655-672.

Livingston, R.J., X. Niu, F.G. Lewis, III, and G. Woodsum.  1997.  Freshwater input to a Gulf estuary: long-term control of trophic organization.  Ecological Applications 7(1): 277-299.

Loar, J.M., and M.J. Sale.  1981.  Analysis of environmental issues related to small-scale hydroelectric development.  V.  Instream flow needs for fishery resources.  Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division Publication 1829, ORNL/TM-7861.

Loar, J.M., M.J. Sale, G.F. Cada, D.K. Cox, R.M. Cushman, G.K. Eddlemon, J.L. Elmore, A.J. Gatz, P. Kanciruk, J.A. Solomon, and D.S. Vaughan.  1985.  Application of habitat evaluation models in southern Appalachian trout streams.  Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Publication No. 2382, ORNL/TM?]9323, Oak Ridge, TN.

Loar, J.M., M.J. Sale, and G.F. Cada.  1986.  Instream needs to protect fishery resources.  Water Forum 1986: World Water Issues in Evolution 2: 2098-2105.

Loar, S.C., and J.L. West.  1992.  Microhabitat selection by brook and rainbow trout in a southern Appalachian stream.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121: 729-736.

Lobb, M.D., III, and D.J. Orth.  1991.  Habitat use by an assemblage of fishes in a large warmwater stream.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120 (1): 65-78.

Lobon-Cervia, J.  1996.  Response of a stream fish assemblage to a severe spate in northern Spain.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125 (6): 913-919.

Locke, A.  1988.  IFIM ?] microhabitat criteria development: data pooling considerations.  Pages 31?]54 in K. Bovee and J.R. Zuboy, editors.  Proceedings of a workshop on the development of habitat suitability criteria.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Report 88 (11), Washington D.C.

Loganathan, G.V., C.Y. Kuo, and T.C. McCormick.  1985.  Methods of analyzing instream flows.  Virginia Water Research Center Bulletin 148: 1-70.

Lohr, S.C., and J.L. West.  1992.  Microhabitat selection by brook and rainbow trout in a southern Appalachian stream.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121: 729-736.

Lohr, S.C., and R.G. White.  1995.  Influence of food and habitat on residency of cutthroat trout in artificial channels.  Rivers 5 (1): 13-21.

Lohr, S.M.  1993.  Wetted stream channel, fish-food organisms and trout relative to the wetted perimeter inflection point instream flow method.  Ph.D. thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman.

Longley, W.L.  1994.  Freshwater inflows to Texas bays and estuaries: ecological relationships and methods for determination of needs.  Texas Water Development Board and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin.  386 pp.

Lonzarich, D.G., and T.P. Quinn.  1995.  Experimental evidence for the effect of depth and structure on the distribution, growth, and survival of stream fishes.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 2223?]2230.

Loomis, J.B.  1987.  The economic value of instream flow methodology and benefits for optimum flows.  Journal of Environmental Mgmt. 24: 169-179.

Lorenz, J.M., and J.H. Eiler.  1989.  Spawning habitat and redd characteristics of sockeye salmon in the glacial Taku River, British Columbia and Alaska.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 118: 495-502.

Lowe-McConnell, R.H.  1987.  Ecological studies in tropical fish communities.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.  382 pp.

Lubinski, K.S., G. Carmody, D. Wilcox, and B. Drazkowski.  1991.  Development of water level regulation strategies for fish and wildlife, Upper Mississippi River system.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 6: 117-124.

Ludlow, J.A., and T.B. Hardy.  1996.  Comparative evaluation of suitability curve based habitat modeling and a mechanistic based bioenergetic model using two-dimensional hydraulic simulations in a natural river system.  Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Habitat Hydraulics.  June 1996, Quebec, Canada.  B519-B530.

Lukas, J.A., and D.J. Orth.  1995.  Factors affecting nesting success of smallmouth bass in a regulated Virginia stream.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124 (5): 726-735.

Lytle, D.A.  1999.  Use of rainfall cues by Abedus herberti (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae): a mechanism for avoiding flash floods.  Journal of Insect Behavior 12: 1-12.

Lytle, D.A.  2000.  Biotic and abiotic effects of flash flooding in a montane desert stream.  Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 150: 85-100.

Lytle, D.A.  2002.  Flash floods and aquatic insect life-history evolution: evaluation of multiple models.  Ecology 83 (2): 370-385.