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Cada, G.F., M.D. Deacon, S.V. Mitz, and M.S. Bevelheimer.  1995.  Effects of water velocity on the survival of downstream-migrating juvenile salmon and steelhead: a review with emphasis on the Columbia River.  Reviews in Fisheries Science 5: 131-183.

Caldwell, J.E., and C. Gowan.  1988.  The role of professional judgment in the development of category I criteria curves.  Pages 91?]101 in: Bovee, K., and J.R. Zuboy, editors.  Proceedings of a workshop on the development and evaluation of habitat suitability criteria.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Report 88 (11), Washington, D.C.

Calkins, D.J.  1989.  Winter habitats of Atlantic salmon, brook trout, brown trout and rainbow trout - a literature review.  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Special Report 89-34 (October 1989): 9 p.

Calkins, D.J.  1993.  Physical effects of river ice.  Pp. 4-6 in: T.D. Prowse and N.C. Gridley, editors.  Environmental aspects of river ice.  National Hydrology Research Institute, Science Report 5, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Camargo, J.A.  1993.  Dynamic stability of hydropsychid guilds along a regulated stream: the role of competitive interactions versus environ...  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 8: 29-40.

Camargo, J.A., and D. Garcia de Jalon.  1990.  The downstream impacts of the Burgomillodo Reservoir, Spain.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 5: 305-317.

Campbell, E.A.  1998.  Influence of streamflow and predators on habitat choice by trout.  Dissertation.  University of California, Davis, California, USA.

Campbell, R.F., and B.R. Eddy.  1988.  Verification of habitat utilization criteria for juvenile fall chinook in the North Fork of the Lewis River, Washington.  Pages 364?]389 in: K. Bovee and J.R. Zuboy, editors.  Proceedings of a workshop on the development and evaluation of habitat suitability criteria.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (11).  407 pp.

Campbell, R.F., and J.H. Neuner.  1985.  Seasonal and diurnal shifts in habitat utilized by resident rainbow trout in western Washington Cascade Mountain streams.  Pages 39?]48 in F.W. Olson, R.G. White, and R.H. Hamre, editors. Proceedings of the Symposium on Small Hydropower and Fisheries.  American Fisheries Society, Bethesda .

Capone, T.A., and J.A. Kushlan.  1991.  Fish community structure in dry-season stream pools.  Ecology 72 (3): 983-992.

Capra, H., P. Breil, and Y. Souchon.  1995.  A new tool to interpret magnitude and duration of fish habitat variations.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 10: 281-289.

Cardinale, B.J., M.A. Palmer, C.M. Swan, S. Brooks, and N.L. Poff.  The influence of substrate heterogeneity on biofilm metabolism in a stream ecosystem.  Ecology 83 (2): 412-422.

Carriquiry, J.D., and A. Sanchez.  1999.  Sedimentation in the Colorado River Delta and upper Gulf of California after nearly a century of discharge loss.  Marine Geology 158: 125-145.

Carline, R.F.  1980.  Features of successful spawning site development for brook trout in Wisconsin ponds.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109: 453-457.

Carling, P.A.  1987.  Bed stability in gravel streams, with reference to stream regulation and ecology.  Pp. 321-347 in: K.S. Richards (ed), River channels: environment and process.  Basil Blackwell, Oxford, U.K.

Carling, P.A., and C.P. McMahon.  1987.  Natural siltation of brown trout (Salmo trutta) spawning gravels during low-flow conditions.  Pp. 229-244 in: J.F. Craig and B.J. Kemper, editors.  Regulated streams: advances in ecology.  Plenum Press, New York.

Carstens, T.  1966.  Experiments with supercooling and ice formation in flowing water.  Geofysiske Publikasjoner 26: 3-18.

Carter, J.G., R.A. Valdez, R.J. Ryel, and V.A. Lamarra.  1985.  Fisheries habitat dynamics in the upper Colorado River.  J. of Freshwater Ecol. 3: 249-264.

Carter, R.W., and I.E. Anderson.  1963.  Accuracy of current meter measurements.  Journal of the Hydraulics Division, American Society of Civil Engineers 89 (HY4): 105-115.

Casado, C., D. Garcia de Jalon, Del Olmo, Barcelo, Menee.  1989.  The effect of an irrigation and hydroelectric reservoir on its downstream communities.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 4: 275-284.

Casterlin, M.E., and W.W. Reynolds.  1978.  Habitat selection by bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus.  Hydrobiologia 59: 75-79.

Castleberry, D.T., J.J. Cech, Jr., D.C. Erman, D.H. Hankin, M. Healy, G.M. Kondolf, M. Mangel, M. Mohr, P.B. Moyle, J. Nielsen, T.P. Speed, and J.G. Williams.  1996.  Uncertainty and instream flow standards.  Fisheries 21 (8): 20-21.

Cattaneo, F., G. Carrel, N. Lamouroux, and P. Breil.  2001.  Relationship between hydrology and cyprinid reproductive success in the lower Rhone at Montelimar, France.  Arch. Hydrobiol. 151: 427-450.

Cattaneo, F., N. Lamouroux, P. Breil, and H. Capra.  2002.  The influence of hydrological and biotic processes on brown trout (Salmo trutta) population dynamics.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59 (1): 12-22.

Cavendish, M.G., and M.I. Duncan.  1986.  Use of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology: a tool for negotiation.  Environmental Impact Assessment Review 6: 347-363.

Cedergren, H.R.  1989.  Seepage, drainage, and flow nets.  John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Cederholm, C.J., R.E. Bilby, P.A. Bisson, T.W. Bumstead, B.R. Fransen, W.J. Scarlett, and J.W. Ward.  1997.  Response of juvenile coho salmon and steelhead to placement of large woody debris in a coastal Washington stream.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17 (4): 947-963.

Chambers, P.A., E.E. Prepas, H.R. Hamilton, and Both.  1991.  Current velocity and its effect on aquatic macrophytes in flowing waters.  Ecological Applications 1 (3): 249-257.

Chanton, J., and F.G. Lewis.  1999.  Plankton and dissolved inorganic carbon isotopic composition in a river-dominated estuary: Apalachicola Bay, Florida.  Estuaries 22: 575-583.

Chanton, J., and F.G. Lewis.  2002.  Examination of coupling between primary and secondary production in a river-dominated estuary: Apalachicola Bay, Florida, U.S.A.  Limnology and Oceanography 47(3): 683-697.

Chapin, D.M., R.L. Beschta, and H.W. Shen.  2002.  Relationship between flood frequencies and riparian plant communities in the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon.  Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38: 603-617.

Chapman, D.W.  1966.  Food and space as regulators of salmonid populations in streams.  American Naturalist 100 (913): 345-357.

Chapman, D.W., and T.C. Bjornn.  1969.  Distribution of salmonids in streams, with special reference to food and feeding.  Pages 153?]176 in T.G. Northcote, editor.  Symposium on salmon and trout in streams.  H.R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.

Chapman, D.W., and E. Knudsen.  1980.  Channelization and livestock impacts on salmonid habitat and biomass in western Washington.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109 (4): 357-363.

Chapman, D.W., and K.P. McLeod.  Development of criteria for fine sediment in the Northern Rockies Ecoregion.  Don Chapman Consultants, Work Assignment 2-73, Final Report, Boise, Idaho.

Chapman, D.W., D.E. Weitkamp, T.L. Welsh, M.B. Bell, and T.H. Schadt.  1986.  Effects of river flow on the distribution of chinook salmon redds.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115: 537?]547.

Charpentier, B., and A. Morin.  1994.  Effect of current velocity on ingestion rates of black fly larvae.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51: 1615-1619.

Chauvet, E., and H. Decamps.  1989.  Lateral interactions in a fluvial landscape: the River Garonne, France.  J. of the N. Am. Benth. Soc. 8: 9-17.

Chebanov, N.A.  1986.  Factors controlling spawning success in pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha.  J. Ichthyology.  26: 69-78.

Cheng, J.D.  1989.  Streamflow changes after clear-cut logging of a pine beetle infested watershed in southern British Columbia, Canada.  Water. Resour. Res. 25: 449-456.

Cheslak, E.F., and J.C. Garcia.  1988.  An evaluation of the effects of various smoothing and curve-fitting techniques on the accuracy of suitability functions.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 88 (11): 259-286.

Cheslak, E.F., and A.S. Jacobson.  1990.  Integrating the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology with a population response model.  Rivers 1 (4): 264-288.

Chigbu, P. 2000. Population Biology of Longfin Smelt and Aspects of the Ecology of Other Major Planktivorous Fishes in Lake Washington. Journal of Freshwater Ecology; 15(4): 543-557.

Chisholm, I.M., W.A. Hubert, and T.A. Wesche.  1987.  Winter stream conditions and use of habitat by brook trout in high?]elevation Wyoming streams.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116 (2): 176?]184.

Chow, V.T.  1959.  Open channel hydraulics.  McGraw-Hill, New York.

Christensen, J.D., M.E. Monaco, R.J. Livingston, G. Woodsum, T.A. Battista, C.J. Klein, B. Galperin, and W. Huang.  1998.  Potential impacts of freshwater inflow on Apalachicola Bay, Florida oyster (Crassostrea virginica) populations: coupling hydrologic and biological models.  NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessments Division Report, Silver Spring, Maryland.  58 pp.

Church, M.  Channel morphology and typology.  Pp. 126-143 in: P. Calow and G.E. Petts, eds.  The rivers handbook: hydrological and ecological principles.  Blackwell, Oxford.

Church, M.  1995.  Geomorphic response to river flow regulation: case studies and time-scales.  Regulated Rivers 11: 3-22.

Ciborowski, J.J.H., and D.A. Craig.  1989.  Factors influencing dispersion of larval black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae): effects of current velocity and food concentration.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46: 1329-1341.

Clancy, C.G.  1988.  Effects of dewatering on spawning Yellowstone cutthroat trout in tributaries to the Yellowstone River, Montana.  P. 37 in: R.E. Gresswell (editor), Status and management of interior stocks of cutthroat trout.  American Fisheries Society Symposium 4, Bethesda, Maryland.

Clapp, D.F., and R.D. Clark, Jr.  1990.  Range, activity, and habitat of large, free-ranging brown trout in a Michigan stream.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119 (6): 1022-1034.

Clark, R.A.  1992.  Influence of stream flows and stock size on recruitment of the Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in the Chena River, Alaska.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49 (5): 1027-1034.

Clarkson, R.W., and J.R. Wilson.  1995.  Trout biomass and stream habitat relationships in the White Mountains area, east-central Arizona.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124 (4): 599?]612.

Clary, W.P.  1999.  Stream channel and vegetation responses to late spring cattle grazing.  Journal of Range Management 52: 218-227.

Cloern, J.E., A.E. Alpine, B.E. Cole, R.L.J. Wong, J.F. Arthur, and D.M. Ball.  1983.  River discharge controls phytoplankton dynamics in the northern San Francisco Bay estuary.  Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 16: 415-429.

Clothier, W.D.  1954.  Effect of water reductions on fish movement in irrigation diversions.  Journal of Wildlife Management 118: 150-160.

Coats, R.N., and T.O. Miller.  1981.  Cumulative silvicultural impacts on watersheds: a hydrological and regulatory dilemma.  Environmental Management 5: 147-160.

Cobb, D.G., T.D. Galloway, and J.F. Flannagan.  1992.  Effects of discharge and substrate stability on density and species composition of stream insects.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49: 1788-1795.

Cobb, S.P., and J.R. Clark.  1981.  Aquatic habitat studies on the lower Mississippi River, river mile 480-530.  Report 2, aquatic habitat mapping.  Misc. Paper E-80-1.  United States Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experimental Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Coble, D.W.  1961.  Influence of water exchange and dissolved oxygen in redds on survival of steelhead trout embryos.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 90 (4): 469-474.

Coccoli, H.A.  1996.  Effects of springtime flow alteration on side channel habitat in the Green River.  M.S. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle.  78 pp.

Collings, M.R.  1974.  Generalization of spawning and rearing discharges for several Pacific salmon species in western Washington.  U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report, Tacoma.

Collings, R.M., R.W. Smith, and G.T. Higgins.  1972.  The hydrology of four streams in western Washington as related to several Pacific salmon species.  U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1968.  109 pp.

Collier, K.J., and M.D. Wakelin.  1996.  Instream habitat use by blue duck (Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos) in a New Zealand river.  Freshwater Biology 35: 277-287.

Conder, A.L., and T.C. Annear.  1987.  Test of weighted usable area estimates derived from a PHABSIM model for instream flow studies on trout streams.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7 (3): 339-350.

Conlin, D.J., Jr., S.P. Canton, J.W. Chadwick, and W.J., Miller.  1995.  Habitat suitability curves for selected fish species in the central Platte River, Nebraska.  Rivers 5 (4): 250-266.

Constantz, J.  1998.  Interaction between stream temperature, streamflow, and groundwater exchanges in alpine streams.  Water Resour. Res.  34: 1609-1615.

Contor, C.R.  1989.  Winter day and night habitat utilization and behavior of juvenile rainbow trout in the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, Idaho.  M.S. thesis, Idaho State University, Pocatello.

Cook, E.R., and G.C. Jacoby.  1983.  Potomac River since 1730 as reconstructed by tree rings.  Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 22 (10): 1659-1672.

Coon, T.  1987.  Responses of benthic riffle fishes to variations in stream discharge and temperature.  Pp. 77-85 in: W.J Matthews and D.C. Heins (eds.) Community and evolutionary ecology of North American stream fishes.  Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Cooper, A.C.  1965.  The effect of transported stream sediments on the survival of sockeye and pink salmon eggs and alevins.  International Pacific Salmon Committee Bulletin 18.

Cooper, C.O., and T.A. Wesche.  1976.  Stream channel modification to enhance trout habitat under low flow conditions.  Water Res. Inst., Office of Water Res. Tech., Washington, D.C. Rept. No. SER-58 117 pp.

Cooper, S.D., S. Diehl, K.Kratz, and O. Sarnelle.  1998.  Implications of scale for patterns and processes in stream ecology.  Australian Journal of Ecology.

Cope, O.B.  1957.  The choices of spawning sites by cutthroat trout.  Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 34: 73-79. 

Copeland, B.J.  1966.  Effects of decreased river flow on estuarine ecology.  Water Pollution Control Federation, Journal 38 (11): 1831-1839.  (University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Port Aransas , Texas)

Copp, G.H.  1989.  The habitat diversity and fish reproductive function of floodplain ecosystems.  Environmental Biology of Fishes 26: 1-27.

Copp, G.H.  1992.  Comparative microhabitat use of cyprinid larvae and juveniles in a lotic floodplain channel.  Environmental Biology of Fishes 33: 181-193.

Corning, R.V.  1970.  Water fluctuation, a detrimental influence on trout streams.  Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners (23): 431-454.

Costa, J.E., and J.E. O’Connor.  1995.  Geomorphically effective floods.  Pp. 45-56 in: J.E. Costa, A.J. Miller, K.W. Potter, and P.R. Wilcock, eds.  Natural and anthropogenic influences in fluvial geomorphology.  Geophysical Monograph 89.

Cowx, I.G., W.O. Young, and J.M. Helawell.  1984.  The influence of drought on the fish and invertebrate populations of an upland stream in Wales.  Freshwater Biology 14: 165-177.

Craig, D.A., and M.M. Galloway.  1987.  Hydrodynamics of larval black flies.  Pages 171-185 in: K.C. Kim and R.W. Merritt, editors.  Black flies.  Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA.

Crance, J.H.  1984.  Habitat suitability index models and instream flow suitability curves: inland stocks of striped bass.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-82/10.85.  61 pp.

Crance, J.H.  1987.  Habitat suitability index curves for paddlefish, developed by the Delphi technique.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7 (1): 123-130.

Crecco, V.A., and T. Savoy.  1984.  Effects of hydrographic fluctuations on the year-class strength of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the Connecticut River.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41: 1216-1223.

Crisp, D.T., and P.A. Carling.  1989.  Observations on siting, dimensions, and structure of salmonid redds.  Journal of Fish Biology 34: 119-134.

Crisp, D.T., and M.A. Hurley.  1991a.  Stream channel experiments on downstream movement of recently emerged trout, Salmo trutta L., and salmon, S. salar L. - I.  Effect of four different water velocity treatments upon dispersal rate.  Journal of Fish Biology 39: 347-361.

Crisp, D.T., and M.A. Hurley.  1991b.  Stream channel experiments on downstream movement of recently emerged trout, Salmo trutta L., and salmon, S. salar L. - II.  Effects of constant and changing velocities and of day and night upon dispersal rate.  Journal of Fish Biology 39: 363-370.

Crisp, D.T., R.H.K. Mann, and P.R. Cubby.  1983.  Effects of regulation of the River Tees upon fish populations below Cow Green Reservoir.  Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 371-386.

Cross, F.B., and R.E. Moss.  1987.  Historic changes in fish communities and aquatic habitats in plains streams of Kansas.  (Chapter 20), pp. 155-165 in: W.J. Matthews and D.C. Heins (eds) Community and evolutionary ecology of North American stream fishes.  University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Cross, R.D., and D.L. Williams.  1981.  Proceedings of the National Symposium on Freshwater Inflow to Estuaries.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services.  FWS/OBS-81-04.  2 Vol.

Crouch, G.L.  1979. Changes in the vegetation complex of a cottonwood ecosystem on the South Platte River.  Great Plains Agricultural Council 91: 19-22.

Crowder, D.W., and P. Diplas.  2000.  Using two-dimensional hydrodynamic models at scales of ecological importance.  J. Hydrol. 230 (3-4): 172-191.

Crowder, D.W., and P. Diplas.  2000.  Evaluating spatially explicit metrics of stream energy gradients using hydrodynamic model simulations.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57: 1497-1507.

Crowder, D.W., and P. Diplas.  2002.  Vorticity and circulation: spatial metrics for evaluating flow complexity in stream habitats.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59 (4): 633-645.

Culp, J.M., G.J. Scrimgeour, and G.D. Townsend.  1996.  Simulated fine woody debris accumulations in a stream increase rainbow trout fry abundance. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125: 472-479.

Cunjak, R.A.  1986.  Winter habitat of northern leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, in a southern Ontario stream.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 255-257.

Cunjak, R.A.  1988.  Behaviour and microhabitat of young Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during winter.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45: 2156-2160.

Cunjak, R.A.  1996.  Winter habitat of selected stream fishes and potential impacts from land-use activity.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53 (Suppl. 1): 267-282.

Cunjak, R.A., and J.M. Green.  1993.  Habitat utilization by brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Newfoundland streams.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 61:  1214-1219.

Cunjak, R.A. , and G. Power.  1986.  Winter habitat utilization by stream resident brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta).  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43: 1970-1981.

Cunjak, R.A. , and G. Power.  1987.  The feeding and energetics of stream resident trout in winter.  Journal of Fish Biology 31: 493-511.

Cunjak, R.A. , and G. Power.  1987.  Cover use by stream-resident trout in winter: a field experiment.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7: 539-544.

Cunjak, R.A., T.D. Prowse, and D.L. Parrish.  1998.  Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in winter: “the season of parr discontent”?  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55 (Suppl. 1): 161-180.

Curet, T.  1993.  Habitat use, food habits, and the influence of predation on subyearling chinook salmon in Lower Granite Reservoir, Washington.  Master’s thesis.  University of Idaho, Moscow.

Curry, R.A., and D.L.G. Noakes.  1995.  Groundwater and the selection of spawning sites by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52 (8): 1733-1740.

Curry, R.A., J. Gehrels, D.L.G. Noakes, and R. Swainson.  1994.  Effects of river flow fluctuations on groundwater discharge through brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, spawning and incubation habitat.  Hydrobiologia 277: 121-134.

Curry, R.A., D.L.G. Noakes, and G.E. Morgan.  1995.  Groundwater and the incubation and emergence of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52 (8): 1741-1749.

Curtis, B.  1959.  Changes in a river’s physical characteristics under substantial reductions in flow due to hydroelectric diversion.  California Fish and Game 45: 181-188.

Curtis, G.L., J.S. Ramsey, and D.L. Scarnecchia.  1997.  Habitat use and movements of shovelnose sturgeon in pool 13 of the upper Mississippi River during extreme low flow conditions.  Environmental Biology of Fishes 50: 175-182.