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Waddle, T.  1992.  Are high and low flow habitat values really the same?  Pp. 374-379 in M. Karamouz, editor.  Water resources planning and management: saving a threatened resources - in search of solutions.  American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.

Waddle, T., P. Steffler, A. Ghanem, C. Katopodis, and A. Locke.  2000.  Comparison of one and two-dimensional open channel flow models for a small habitat stream.  Rivers 7 (3): 205-220.

Waite, I. R., and R.A. Barnhart.  1992.  Habitat criteria for rearing steelhead: A comparison of site-specific and standard curves for use in the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12 (1): 40-46.

Walburg, C.H., J.F. Novotny, K.E. Jacobs, W.D. Swink, T.M. Campbell, J.M. Nestler, and G.E. Saul.  1981.  Effect of reservoir releases on tailwater ecology: a literature review.  U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Technical Report E-81-12, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 

Wallace, J.B., J.R. Webster, and J.L. Meyer.  1995.  Influence of log additions on physical and biotic characteristics of a mountain stream.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52 (10): 2120?]2137.

Walters, C., L. Gunderson, and C.S. Holling.  1992.  Experimental policies for water management in the Everglades.  Ecological Applications 2: 189-202.

Walters, C.J., and F Juanes.  1993.  Recruitment limitation as a consequence of natural selection for use of restricted feeding habits and predation risk tak....  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50 (10): 2058?]2070.

Walters, M.A., R.O. Teskey, and T.M. Hinckley.  1980.  Impact of water level changes on woody riparian and wetland communities.  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (OBS-78/95).

Wankowski, J.W.J.  1981.  Behavioral aspects of predation by juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) on particulate, drifting prey.  Animal Behaviour 29: 557-571.

Wankowski, J.W.J., and J.E. Thorpe.  1979.  Spatial distribution and feeding in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. juveniles.  J. Fish Biol.  14: 239-247.

Ward, B.R.  2000.  Declivity in steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) recruitment at the Keogh River over the past decade.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57 (2): 298-306.

Ward, B.R., and P.A. Slaney.  1988.  Life history and smolt-to-adult survival of Keogh River steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) and the relationship to smolt size.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45: 1110-1122.

Ward, B.R., P.A. Slaney, A.R. Fachin, and R.W. Land.  1989.  Size-biased survival in steelhead trout: back-calculated lengths from adults’ scales compared to migrating smolts at the Keogh River, B.C.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46: 1853-1858.

Ward, J.V.  1989.  Riverine-wetland interactions.  Pp. 385-400 in: R.R. Sharitz and W. Gibbons, eds.  Freshwater wetlands and wildlife.  United States Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Ward, J.V., and J.A. Stanford.  1995.  Ecological connectivity in alluvial river ecosystems and its disruption by flow regulation.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 11: 105-119.

Webb, B.W., and D.E. Walling.  1993.  Temporal variaability in the impact of river regulation on thermal regime and some biological implications.  Freshw. Biol. 29: 167-182.

Webb, J.H., R.J. Fryer, J.B. Taggart, C.E. Thompson, and A.F. Youngson.  2001.  Dispersion of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry from competing families as revealed by DNA profiling.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52 (12): 2386-2395.

Webster, D.A., and G. Eiriksdottir.  1976.  Upwelling as a factor influencing choice of spawning sites by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 105: 416-421.

Weisberg, S.B., and W. H. Burton.  1993.  Enhancement of fish feeding and growth after an increase in minimum flow below the Conowingo Dam.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 13 (1): 103-109.

Weisberg, S.B., A.J. Janicki, J. Gerritsen, and H.T. Wilson.  1990.  Enhancement of benthic macroinvertebrates by minimum flow from a hydroelectric dam.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 5: 265-277.

Weise, A.M., M. Levasseur, F.J. Saucier, S. Senneville, E. Bonneau, S. Roy, G. Sauve, S. Michaud, and J. Fauchot.  2002.  The link between precipitation, river runoff, and blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in the St. Lawrence.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59 (3): 464-473.

Welcomme, R.  1979.  Fisheries ecology of floodplain rivers.  Longman, London.  317 pp.

Welcomme, R.  1989.  Review of the present state of knowledge of fish stocks and fisheries of African rivers.  Pp. 515-532 in: D.P. Dodge (ed.), Proceedings of the International Large Rivers Symposium.  Canadian Sp. Publ. Fish. Aquatic. Sci. 106.

Welcomme, R., and D. Hagborg.  1977.  Towards a model of a floodplain fish population and its fishery.  Environmental Biology of Fishes 2: 7-74.

Welcomme, R., R.A. Ryder, and J.A. Sedell.  1989.  Dynamics of fish assemblages in river systems - a synthesis.  Pp. 569-577 in: D.P. Dodge (ed.), Proceedings of the International Large Rivers Symposium.  Canadian Sp. Publ. Fish. Aquatic. Sci. 106.  

Welsh, H.H., Jr., G.R. Hodgson, B.C. Harvey, and M.F. Roche.  2001.  Distribution of juvenile coho salmon in relation to water temperatures in tributaries of the Mattole River, California.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21 (3): 464-470.

Wesche, T.A.  1973.  Parametric determination of minimum stream flow for trout.  Water Resources Research Institute, University of Wyoming, Laramie.  102 pp.

Wesche, T.A.  1974.  Evaluation of trout cover in smaller streams.  Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western Association of Game and Fisheries Commissioners 54: 286-294.

Wesche, T.A.  1980.  A procedure for measuring trout cover in smaller streams.   Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 80: 466-479.

Wesche, T.A., C.M. Goertler, and W.A. Hubert.  1987.  Modified habitat suitability index model for brown trout in southeastern Wyoming.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7 (2): 232-237.

Wesche, T.A., V.R. Hasfurther, W.A. Hubert, and Q.D. Skinner.  1987.  Assessment of flushing flow needs in a steep, rough, regulated tributary.  Pp. 59-70 in: J.F. Craig and J.B. Kemper, editors.  Regulated Streams: Advances in Ecology.  Plenum Press, New York and London.

Wesche, T.A., S.W. Wolff, and Q.D. Skinner.  1989.  Response of mountain stream channels and associated areas to flow regulation.  P. 182 in: R.E. Gresswell, B. Barton, and J.L. Kershner (eds.), Practical Approaches to Riparian Resource Management.  U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Billings, MT.

Westlake, D.F.  1967.  Some effect of low-velocity currents on the metabolism of aquatic macrophytes.  Journal of Experimental Botany 18: 187-205.

Wetherall, J.A.  1971.  Estimation of survival rates for chinook salmon during their downstream migration in the Green River, Washington.  Ph.D. dissertation.  College of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle.  170 pp.

Wetmore, S.H., R.J. Mackay, and R.W. Newbury.  1990.  Characterization of the hydraulic habitat of Brachycentrus occidentalis, a filter-feeding caddisfly.  Journal of the American Benthological Society 9: 157-169.

Whalen, K.G., and D.L. Parrish.  1999.  Nocturnal habitat use of Atlantic salmon parr in winter.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56 (9): 1543-1550. 

Whalen, K.G., D.L. Parrish, and M.E. Mather.  1999.  Effect of ice formation on selection of habitats and winter distribution of post-young-of-the-year Atlantic salmon parr.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56 (1): 87-96. 

White, D.S.  1990.  Biological relationships to convective flow patterns within stream beds.  Hydrobiologia 196: 149-158.

White, R.G., A.E. Bingham, R.A. Ruediger, and T.S. Vogel.  1981.  Response of fish and fish-food organisms to reduction in stream discharge.  Proceedings of the 60th Annual Conference of the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies: 480-493.

White, R.J.  1973.  Stream channel suitability for coldwater fish.  Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Soil Conservation Society of America (Plants, Animals and Man), September 30 ?] October 3, Hot Springs, Arkansas.  pp. 61?]79.

White, R.J.  1978.  Limitations of trout stream management. ??

Whiting, P.J.  1998.  Floodplain maintenance flows.  Rivers 6 (3): 160-170.

Whiting, P.J., and M. Pomeranets.  1997.  A numerical study of bank storage and its contribution to streamflow.  Journal of Hydrology 202: 121-136.

Wiberg, P.L., and J.D. Smith.  1991.  Velocity distribution and bed roughness in high-gradient streams.  Water Resources Research 27: 825-838.

Wickett, W.P.  1951.  The coho salmon population of Nile Creek.  Fisheries Research Board of Canada Pacific Prog. Rep. 89: 88-89.

Wickett, W.P.  1958.  Review of certain environmental factors affecting the production of pink and chum salmon.  Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 15: 1103?]1126.

Wickham, M.G.  1967.  Physical microhabitat of trout.  M.S. thesis.  Colorado State University, Fort Collins.

Wilber, D.H.  1992.  Association between freshwater inflows and oyster productivity in Apalachicola Bay, Florida.  Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 35: 179-190.

Wilber, D.H.  1994.  The influence of Apalachicola River flows on the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, in north Florida.  Fishery Bulletin 92: 180-188.

Wilcock, P.R., G.M. Kondolf, W.V. Matthews, and A.F. Barta.  1996.  Specification of sediment maintenance flows for a large gravel-bed river.  Water Resources Research 32 (9): 2911-2921.

Wildhaber, M.L., V.M. Tabor, J.E. Whitaker, A.L. Allert, D.W. Mulhern, P.J. Lamberson, and K.L. Powell.  2000.  Ictalurid populations in relation to the presence of a main-stem reservoir in a midwestern warmwater stream with emphasis on the threatened Neosho madtom.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129 (6): 1264-1280.

Wiley, D.  1995.  Development and evaluation of flushing flow recommendations for the Big Horn River.  Master’s thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie.

Wiley, M.J., and S.J. Kohler.  1981.  An assessment of biological interactions in an epilithic stream community using time lapse cinematography.  Hydrobiologia 78: 183-188.

Williams, D.D.  1980.  Temporal patterns in recolonization of stream benthos.  Archives of Hydrobiology 90: 56-74.

Williams, G.P.  1978.  Bankfull discharge of rivers.  Water Resources Research 14: 1141-1153.

Williams, G.P., and M.G. Wolman.  1984.  Downstream effects of dams on alluvial rivers.  U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers 1286.

Williams, J.G.  1996.  Lost in space: minimum confidence intervals for idealized PHABSIM studies.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125 (3): 458?]465.

Williams, J.G.  1997.  Comment: testing the independence of microhabitat preferences and flow (part 1).  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126 (3): 536?]537.

Williams, J.G.  2001.  Tripping over spatial scales: a comment on Guay et al. (2000).  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58 (10): 2105-2107.

Williams, J.G.  2001.  Testing models used for instream flow assessment.  Fisheries 26 (12): 19-20.

Williams, J.G., and G.M. Matthews.  1995.  A review of flow and survival relationships for spring and summer chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from the Snake River basin.  Fishery Bulletin 93: 732-740.

Williams, J.G., S.G. Smith, and W.D. Muir.  2001.  Survival estimates for downstream migrant yearling juvenile salmonids through the Snake and Columbia Rivers hydropower system, 1966-1980 and 1993-1999.

Williams, J.G., T.P. Speed, and W.F. Forrest.  1999.  Comment: Transferability of habitat suitability criteria.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19 (2): 623-625.

Williams, R.D., and R.N. Winget.  1979.  Macroinvertebrate response to flow manipulation in the Strawberry River, Utah.  Pp. 365-376 in: J.V. Ward and J.A. Stanford (eds.) The ecology of regulated streams.  Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York.

Williams, R.N., P.A. Bisson, D.L. Bottom, L.D. Calvin, C.C. Coutant, M.W. Erho, C.A. Frissell, J.A. Lichatowich, W.J. Liss, W.E. McConnaha, P.R. Mundy, J.A. Stanford, and R.R. Whitney.  1999.  Return to the river: scientific issues in the restoration of salmonid fishes in the Columbia River.  Fisheries 24: 10-19.

Williams, R.W., R.M. Laramie, and J.J. Ames.  1975.  A catalog of Washington streams and salmon utilization, Volume 1 Puget Sound region.  Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia.

Williamson, S.C., J.M. Bartholow, and C.B. Stalnaker.  1993.  A conceptual model for quantifying pre-smolt production from flow-dependent physical habitat and water temperature.  Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 8: 15-28. 

Wilzbach, M.A.  1985.  Relative roles of food abundance and cover in determining the habitat distribution of stream-dwelling cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki).  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42: 1668-1672.

Wilzbach, M.A., K.W. Cummins, and J.D. Hall.  1986.  Influence of habitat manipulations on interactions between cutthroat trout and invertebrate drift.  Ecology 67: 898-911.

Wing, M.G., and A. Skaugset.  2002.  Relationships of channel characteristics, land ownership, and land use patterns to large woody debris in western Oregon streams.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59 (5): 796-807.

Winkle, P.L., W.A. Hubert, and F.J. Rahel.  1990.  Relations between brook trout standing stocks and habitat features in beaver ponds in southeastern Wyoming.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 10 (1): 72-79.

Wissmar, R.C. (and S. Craig.)  1997.  Bull trout spawning activity, Gold Creek, Washington.  University of Washington School of Fisheries, Fisheries Research Institute FRI-UW-9701.  15 pp. 

Witzel, L.D., and H.R. MacCrimmon.  1983.  Redd-site selection by brook trout and brown trout in southwestern Ontario streams.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112 (6): 760-771.

Wolff, S.W., T.A. Wesche, D.D. Harris, and W.A. Hubert.  1990.  Brown trout population and changes associated with increased minimum flows in Douglas Creek, Wyoming.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 90 (11).

Wolman, M.G., and J.P. Miller.  1960.  Magnitude and frequency of forces in geomorphic processes.  Journal of Geology 68: 54-74.

Wondzell, S.M., and F.J. Swanson.  1996.  Seasonal and storm dynamics of the hyporheic zone of a 4th-order mountain stream. I. Hydrological processes.  J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 15: 3-19.

Wondzell, S.M., and F.J. Swanson.  1999.  Floods, channel change, and the hyporheic zone.  Water Res. 35: 555-567.

Woo, M-K., and P.R. Waylen.  1984.  Areal prediction of annual floods generated by two distinct processes.  Hydrol. Sci. J. 29: 75-88.

Wood, P.J., and G.E. Petts.  1994.  Low flows and recovery of macroinvertebrates in a small regulated chalk stream.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 9: 303-316.

Wood, R.K., and Whelon.  1965.  Low-flow regulations as a means of improving stream fishing.  Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Southeastern Game and Fish Commissioners 16: 375-386.

Wootton, J.T., M.S. Parker, and M.E. Power.  1996.  Effects of disturbance on river food webs.  Science 273: 1558-1561.

Wright, J.F., and A.D. Berrie.  1987.  Ecological effects of groundwater pumping and a natural drought on the upper reaches of a chalk stream.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 1: 145-160.

Wright, J.F., P.D. Hiley, D.A. Cooling, A.C. Cameron, Wigha.... 1984.  The invertebrate fauna of a small chalk stream in Berkshire, England, and the effect of intermittent flow.  Arch. Hydrobiol. 99: 176-199.

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Young, A.A., and H.F. Blaney.  1942.  Use of water by native vegetation.   California Department of Public Works, Division of Water Resources, Sacramento 160 pp.

Young, K. A. 2001. Habitat Diversity and Species Diversity: Testing the Competition Hypothesis With Juvenile Salmonids. Oikos 95: 87-93.

Young, M.K.  1996.  Summer movements and habitat use by Colorado River cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus) in small, montane streams.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 1403-1408.

Young, M.K.  1998.  Absence of autumnal changes in habitat use and location of adult Colorado River cutthroat trout in a small stream.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127: 147-151.

Yu, S.-L., E.J. Peters, and W.W. Stroup.  1995.  Application of logistic regression to develop habitat suitability criteria for sand shiner, Notropis stramineus.  Rivers 5 (1): 22-34.

Zalewski, M., and R.J. Naiman.  1985.  The regulation of riverine fish communities by a continuum of abiotic-biotic factors.  Pages 3-9 in: J.S. Alabaster, editor.  Habitat modification and freshwater fisheries.  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, EIFAC/85, Rome.

Zigler, S.J., M.R. Dewey, and B.C. Knights.  1999.  Diel movement and habitat use by paddlefish in Navigation Pool 8 of the Upper Mississippi River.  North American Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 19 (1): 180-187.

Zillges, G.  1977.  Methodology for determining Puget Sound coho escapement goals, escapement estimates, 1977 preseason run size prediction and in?]season run assessment.  Washington Department of Fisheries Technical Report 28.  Olympia.

Zincone, L.H., Jr., and R.A. Rulifson.  1991.  Instream flow and striped bass recruitment in the lower Roanoke River, North Carolina.  Rivers 2 (2): 125-137.

Zorn, T.G., and P.W. Seelbach.  1995.  The relation between habitat availability and the short-term carrying capacity of a stream reach for smallmouth bass.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15: 773-783.

Zorn, T.G., P.W. Seelbach, and M.J. Wiley.  2002.  Distributions of stream fishes and their relationship to stream size and hydrology in Michigan’s lower peninsula.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131 (1): 70-85.