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Sabo, M.J.  1993.  Microhabitat use and its effect on growth of age-0 smallmouth bass in the North Anna River, Virginia.  Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.  174 pp.

Sabo, M.J., and D.J. Orth.  1994.  Temporal variation in microhabitat use by age-0 smallmouth bass in the North Anna River, Virginia.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 123: 733-746.

Sabo, M.J., C.F. Bryan, W.E. Kelso, and D.A. Rutherford.  1999.  Hydrology and aquatic habitat characteristics of a riverine swamp: I. Influence of flow on water temperature and chemistry.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 15: 505-523.

Saffel, P.D., and D.L. Scarnecchia.  1995.  Habitat use by juvenile bull trout in belt-series geology watersheds of northern Idaho.  Northwest Science 69: 304-317.

Sagnes, P., J.-Y. Champagne, and R. Morel.  2000.  Shifts in drag and swimming potential during grayling ontogenesis: relations with habitat use.  Journal of Fish Biology 57: 52-68.

Sagnes, P. P. Gaudin, and B. Statzner.  1997.  Shifts in morphometrics and their relation to hydrodynamic potential and habitat use during grayling ontogenesis.  Journal of Fish Biology 50: 846-858.

Sahin, V., and M.J. Hall.  1996.  The effects of afforestation on water yields.  J. Hydrol. 178: 293-309.

Sale, M.J., E.D. Brill, Jr., and E.E. Herricks.  1982.  An approach to optimizing reservoir operations for downstream aquatic resources.  Water Res. Research 18: 705-712.

Sale, M.J., S.F. Railsback, and E.E. Herricks.  1982.  Frequency analysis of aquatic habitat: a procedure for determining instream flow needs.  Pp. 340-346 in: N.B. Armantrout (ed.)  Acquisition and utilization of aquatic habitat inventory information.  Proceedings of a symposium, Portland, Oregon.  American Fisheries Society, Western Division, Bethesda.

Salo, J. R. Kalliola, I, Hakkinen, Y. Makinen, P. Niemela, M. Puhakka, and P.D. Coley.  1986.  River dynamics and the diversity of Amazon lowland forest.  Nature 322: 254-258.

Saltveit, S.J., T. Bremnes, and O.R. Lindas.  1995.  Effect of sudden increases in discharge in a large river on newly emerged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) fry.  Ecology of Freshwater Fish 4: 126-136.

Sando, S.K.  1981.  The spawning and rearing habitats of rainbow trout and brown trout in two rivers in Montana.  M.S. thesis, Montana State University.

Scarnecchia, D.L.  1981.  Effects of streamflow and upwelling on yield of wild coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Oregon.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38: 471-475.

Scarnecchia, D.L., and E.P. Bergersen.  1987.  Trout production and standing crop in Colorado’s small streams, as related to environmental features.   North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7 (3): 315?]330.

Scheerer, P.D.  2002.  Implications of floodplain isolation and connectivity on the conservation of an endangered minnow, Oregon chub, in the Willamette River, Oregon.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131 (6): 1070-1080.

Scheidegger, K.L., and M.B. Bain.  1995.  Larval fish distribution and macrohabitat use in free-flowing and regulated rivers.  Copeia 1995: 125-135.

Schlosser, I.J.  1982.  Fish community structure and function along two habitat gradients in a headwater stream.  Ecological Monographs 52: 395-414.

Schlosser, I.J.  1985.  Flow regime, juvenile abundance, and the assemblage structure of stream fishes.  Ecology 66: 1484-1490.

Schlosser, I.J.  1987.  The role of predation in age-and-size related habitat use by stream fishes.  Ecology 68: 651-659.

Schlosser, I.J.  1987.  A conceptual framework for fish communities in small warmwater streams.  Pp. 17-24 in: W.J. Matthews and D.C. Heins (eds.) Community and evolutionary ecology of North American freshwater fishes.  Oklahoma University Press.

Schlosser, I.J.  1990.  Environmental variation, life history attributes, and community structure in stream fishes: implications for environmental management and assessment.  Environmental Management 14 (5): 621-628.

Schlosser, I.J.  1992.  Effects of life-history attributes and stream discharge on filter-feeder colonization. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 11: 366-376.

Schlosser, I.J.  1995.  Dispersal, boundary processes, and trophic-level interactions in streams adjacent to beaver ponds.  Ecology 76 (3): 907-925.

Schlosser, I.J., and P.J. Angermeier.  1990.  The influence of environmental variability, resource abundance, and predation on juvenile cyprinid and centrarchid fishes.  Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 37: 265-284.

Schlosser, I.J., and K.K. Ebel.  1989.  Effects of flow regime and cyprinid predation on a headwater stream.  Ecological Monographs 59: 41-57.

Schlosser, I.J., J.D. Johnson, W.L. Knotek, and M. Lapinska.  2000.  Climate variability and size-structured interactions among juvenile fish along a lake-stream gradient.  Ecology 81 (4): 1046-1057.

Schlosser, I.J., and L.A. Toth.  1984.  Niche relationships and population ecology of rainbow (Etheostoma caeruleum) and fantail (E. flabellare) darters in a ....  Oikos 42: 229-238.

Schmetterling, D.A.  2000.  Redd characteristics of fluvial westslope cutthroat trout in four tributaries to the Blackfoot River, Montana.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 20 (3): 776-783.

Schmetterling, D.A.  2001.  Seasonal movements of fluvial westslope cutthroat trout in the Blackfoot River drainiage, Montana.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21 (3): 507-520.

Schmidt, J.C., R.H. Webb, R.A. Valdez, G.R. Marzolf, and L.E. Stevens.  1998.  Science and values in river restoration in the Grand Canyon.  BioScience 48: 735-747.

Schrader, W.C.  1989.  Trout mortality, movements, and habitat selection during winter in South Willow Creek, Montana.  M.S. thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman.  89 pp.

Schroeder, P.F.  1978.  Riverine influences on estuaries: a case study.  Pp. 347-364 in: V.S. Kennedy (editor), Estuarine interactions.  Academic Press, New York.

Schuett-Hames, D.E., N.P. Peterson, R. Conrad, and T.P. Quinn.  2000.  Patterns of gravel scour and fill after spawning by chum salmon in a western Washington stream.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 20 (3): 610-617.

Scott, D., and C.S. Shirvell.  1987.  A critique of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology and observations on flow determination in New Zealand.  Pages 27?]44 in J.F. Craig and J.B. Kemper, editors.  Regulated Streams: Advances in Ecology.  Plenum Press, New York and London.  431 pp.

Scott, M.L., G.T. Auble, and J.M. Friedman.  1996.  Fluvial processes and the establishment of bottomland trees.  Geomorphology 14: 327-339.

Scott, M.L., G.T. Auble, and J.M. Friedman.  1997.  Flood dependency of cottonwood establishment along the Missouri River, Montana, USA.  Ecological Applications 7: 677-690.

Scott, M.L., J.M. Friedman, and G.T. Aubele.  1996.  Fluvial processes and the establishment of bottomland trees.  Geomorphology 14: 327-339.

Scott, M.L., P.B. Shafroth, G.T. Aubele, and E.D. Eggleston.  1997.  Flood dependency of cottonwood establishment along the Missouri River, Montana, USA.  Ecological Applications 7: 677-690.

Scott, M.L., M.A. Wondzell, and G.T. Auble.  1993.  Hydrograph characteristics relevant to the establishment and growth of western riparian vegetation.  Pp. 237-246 in: H.J. Morrel-Soytoux, editor.  Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual American Geophysical Union Hydrology Days.  Atherton, CA: Hydrology Days Publications. 

Scrivener, J.C., and M.J. Brownlee.  1989.  Effect of forest harvesting on spawning gravel and incubation survival of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) in Carnation Creek, British Columbia.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46: 681?]696.

Sear, D.A.  1993.  Fine sediment infiltration into gravel spawning beds within a regulated river experiencing floods: ecological implications for salmonids.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 8: 373-390.

Sechnick, C.W., R.F. Carline, R.A. Stein, and E.T. Rankin.  1986.  Habitat selection by smallmouth bass in response to physical characteristics of a simulated stream.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115 (2): 314-321.

Seegrist, D.W., and R. Gard.  1972.  Effects of floods on trout in Sagehen Creek, California.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 101: 478-482.

Seelbach, P.W.  1993.  Population biology of steelhead in a stable-flow, low-gradient tributary of Lake Michigan.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122: 179-198.

Segelquist, C.A., M.L. Scott, and G.T. Auble.  1993.  Establishment of Populus deltoides under simulated alluvial groundwater declines.  American Midland Naturalist 130: 274-285.

Sempeski, P., and P. Gaudin.  1995.  Habitat selection by grayling.  II.  Preliminary results on larval and juvenile daytime habitats.  Journal of Fish Biology 47: 345-349.

Serchuk, F.M., C.J. Schmidt, and B. Floyd.  1980.  Rainbow trout: a population simulation based on individual responses to varying environmental and demographic parameters.  Environmental Biology of Fishes 5: 15-26.

Shafroth, P.G., G.T. Auble, J.C. Stromberg, and D.T. Patten.  1998.  Establishment of woody riparian vegetation in relation to annual patterns of streamflow, Bill Williams River, Arizona.  Wetlands 18: 577-590.

Shankman, D.  1993.  Channel migration and vegetation patterns in the southeastern coastal plain.  Conservation Biology 7: 176-183.

Shapovalov, L., and A.C. Taft.  1954.  The life histories of the steelhead rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri gairdneri) and silver salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) with special reference to Waddell Creek, California, and recommendations regarding their management.  California Department of Fish and Game, Fisheries Bulletin 98, 375 pp.

Sharma, R., and R. Hilborn.  2001.  Empirical relationships between watershed characteristics and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolt abundance in 14 western Washington streams.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58 (7): 1453?]1463.

Sheldon, A.L., and G.K. Meffe.  1995.  Path analysis of collective properties and habitat relationships of fish assemblages in coastal plain streams.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52 (1): 23?]33.

Shellberg, J.G. 2002. Hydrologic, geomorphic, and biologic influences on redd scour in bull char (Salvelinus confluentus) spawning streams. M.Sc. thesis, University of Washington. Seattle, WA. 206 pp. (http://depts.washington.edu/cwws/Theses/shellberg.html).

Shepard, M.F. 1972. Timing of adult steelhead migrations as influenced by flow and temperature in four representative Washington streams. M.Sc. thesis, University of Washington. Seattle, WA. 197 pp.

Sheppard, J.D., and J.H. Johnson.  1985.  Probability?]of?]use for depth, velocity, and substrate by subyearling coho salmon and steelhead in Lake Ontario tributary streams.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 5 (2B): 277?]282.

Sheridan, W.L.  1962.  Waterflow through a salmon spawning riffle in southeastern Alaska.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Rep. - Fish. 407.  20 pp.

Sherton, C.C.  1981.  Preserving instream flows in Oregon’s rivers and streams.  Environmental Law 11: 379-419.

Shields, F.D., Jr., S.S. Knight, and C.M. Cooper.  1994.  Effects of channel incision on base flow stream habitat and fishes.  Environmental Management 18: 43-57.

Shirvell, C.S.  1986.  Pitfalls of physical habitat simulation in the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology.  Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1460: 68 pp.

Shirvell, C.S.  1989.  Ability of PHABSIM to predict chinook salmon spawning habitat.  Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 3 (1?]4): 277?]289.

Shirvell, C.S.  1989.  Habitat models and their predictive capability to infer habitat effects on stock size.  In: C.D. Levings, L.B. Holtby, and M.A. Henderson (eds.), Proceedings of the National Workshop on Effects of Habitat Alteration on Salmonid Stocks.  Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 105.   Pp. 173-179. 

Shirvell, C.S.  1990.  Role of instream rootwads as juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (O. mykiss) cover habitat under varying streamflows.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47 (5): 852?]861.

Shirvell, C.S.  1994.  Effects of changes in streamflow on the microhabitat use and movements of sympatric juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) in a natural stream.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51 (7): 1644?]1652.

Shirvell, C.S., and R.G. Dungey.  1983.  Microhabitats chosen by brown trout for feeding and spawning in rivers.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112 (3): 355-367.

Shuler, S.W., and R.B. Nehring.  1993.  Using the Physical Habitat Simulation Model to evaluate a stream habitat enhancement project.  Rivers 4: 175-193.

Shuler, S.W., R.B. Nehring, and K.D. Fausch.  1994.  Diel habitat selection by brown trout in the Rio Grande River, Colorado, after placement of boulder structures.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14: 99-111.

Shumway, D.L., G.E. Warren, and P. Doudoroff.  1964.  Influence of oxygen concentration and water movement on the growth of steelhead trout and coho salmon embryos.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 93 (4): 342-356.

Shuter, B.J., and J.R. Post.  1990.  Climate, population variability, and the zoogeography of temperate fishes.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119: 314-336.

Silver, S.J., G.E. Warren, and P. Doudoroff.  1963.  Dissolved oxygen requirements of developing steelhead trout and chinook salmon embryos at different water velocities.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 92 (4): 327-343.

Simm, D.J., D.E. Walling, P.D. Bates, and M.G. Anderson.  1997.  The potential application of finite element modelling of flood plain inundation to predict patterns of overbank deposition.  Hydrological Sciences 42: 859-875.

Simons, D.B., 1979.  Effects of stream regulation on channel morphology.  Pp. 95-111 in J.V. Ward and J.A. Stanford, editors.  The ecology of regulated streams.  Plenum Press, New York.

Simonson, Timothy D., and William A. Swenson.  1990.  Critical stream velocities for young-of-year smallmouth bass in relation to habitat use.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119 (5): 902-909.

Simonson, T.D., and R.J. Neves.  1993.  Habitat suitability and reproductive traits of the orangefin madtom Noturus gilberti (Pisces: Ictaluridae).  American Midland Naturalist 127: 115-124.

Simpkins, D.G., W.A. Hubert, and T.A. Wesche.  2000.  Effects of fall-to-winter changes in habitat and frazil ice on the movements and habitat use of juvenile rainbow trout in a Wyoming tailwater.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129 (1): 101-118.

Sinha, M., M.K. Mukhopadhyay, P.M. Mitra, M.M. Bagchi, and H.C. Karamkar.  1996.  Impact of the Farakka barrage on the hydrology and fishery of the Hooghly Estuary.  Estuaries 19 (3): 710-722.

Skeslet, S. (ed.)  1986.  The role of freshwater outflow in coastal marine ecosystems.  Springer, Berlin.

Smetacek, V.S.  1986.  Impact of freshwater discharge on production and transfer of materials in the marine environment.  Pages 85-106 in: S. Skeslet (ed.).  The role of freshwater outflow in coastal marine ecosystems.  Springer, Berlin.

Smith, A.K.  1973.  Development and application of spawning velocity and depth criteria for Oregon salmonids.   Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 102 (2): 312-316.

Smith, B.D.  2000.  Trends in wild adult steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) abundance for snowmelt-driven watersheds of British Columbia in relation to freshwater discharge.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57 (2): 285-297.

Smith, F.E.  1976.  Water development impact on fish resources and associated values on the Trinity River, California.  Pp. 98-111 in: J.F. Orsborn and C.H. Allman (eds) Instream Flow Needs, vol. ii, Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society.

Smith, G.L. (Ed.)  1979.  Proceedings, workshop in instream flow habitat criteria and modeling.  Colorado Water Resour. Res. Inst. Inform. Ser. 40.

Smith, I.M., and M.J. Sale.  1993.  Standardizing instream flow requirements at hydropower projects in the Cascades Mountains, Washington.  Pp. 286-295 in W.D. Hall, ed.  Waterpower ‘93, proceedings of the international conference on hydropower.  American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.

Smith, J.J., and H.W. Li.  1984.  Energetic factors influencing foraging tactics of juvenile steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri.  Pp. 173-180 in: D.L.G. Noakes et al. (Eds) Predators and prey in fishes.  The Hague: Junk Publishers.

Smith, S.D., J.L. Nachlinger, A.B. Wellington, and Fox.  1989.  Water relations of obligate riparian plants as a function of streamflow diversion on the Bishop Creek watershed.  Pp. 360-365 in: D.L. Abell (ed) California riparian systems conference: Protection, management and restoration for the 1990s.  U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-110.

Smith, S.D., R.B. Wellington, J. Nachlinger, and Fox.  1991.  Functional responses of riparian vegetation to streamflow diversion in the eastern Sierra Nevada.  Ecological Applications 1 (1): 89-97.

Smith, S.G., W.D. Muir, J.G. Williams, and J.R. Skalski.  2002.  Factors associated with travel time and survival of migrant yearling chinook salmon and steelhead in the lower Snake River.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22 (2): 385-405.

Smock, L.A., J.E. Gladden, J.L. Riekenberg, L.C. Smith, and C.R. Black.  1992.  Lotic macroinvertebrate production in three dimensions: channel surface, hyporheic, and floodplain environments.  Ecology 73: 876-886.

Smoker, W.A.  1953.  Stream flow and silver salmon production in western Washington.  Washington Department of Fisheries, Fisheries Research Papers 1 (1): 5-12.

Smoker, W.A.  1955.  Effects of streamflow on silver salmon production in western Washington.  Doctoral dissertation.  University of Washington, Department of Fisheries, Seattle.

Smoker, W.A.  1956.  Preliminary report on Minter Creek streamflows on the juvenile production of silver salmon, chum salmon and steelhead trout.  Unpublished report, Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia.

Snedaker, S., D. De Sylva, and D. Cottrell.  1977.  A review of the role of freshwater in estuarine ecosystems.  Final report, Southwest Florida Water Management District, Brooksville, Florida.

Snedden, G.A., W.E. Kelso, and D.A. Rutherford.  1999.  Diel and seasonal patterns of spotted gar movement and habitat use in the lower Atchafalaya River basin, Louisiana.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128: 144-154.

Sokal, R.R., and F.J. Rohlf.  1981.  Biometry.  Second edition.  W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.

Solazzi, M.F., T.E. Nickelson, S.L. Johnson, and J.D. Rodgers.  2000.  Effects of increasing winter rearing habitat on abundance of salmonids in two coastal Oregon streams.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57 (5): 906-914.

Soloman, D.J., and D. Paterson.  1980.  Influence of natural and regulated streamflow on survival of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in a chalkstream.  Environmental Biology of Fishes 5: 379-382.

Sommer, T.R., M.L. Nobrigua, W.C. Harrell, W. Batham, and W.J. Kimmerer.  2001.  Floodplain rearing of juvenile chinook salmon: evidence of enhanced growth and survival. 

Souchon, Y. F. Trocherie, E. Fragnoud, and C. Lacombe.  1989.  Les modeles numerique des microhabitats des poissons: applications et nouveaux developpements.  Rev. Sci. Eau 2: 807-830.

Southall, P.D., and W.A. Hubert.  1984.  Habitat use by adult paddlefish in the upper Mississippi River.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 113: 125-131.

Sowa, S.P., and C.F. Rabeni.  1995.  Regional evaluation of the relation of habitat to distribution and abundance of smallmouth bass and largemouth in Missouri streams.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124: 240-251.

Sowden, T.K., and G. Power.  1985.  Prediction of rainbow trout embryo survival in relation to groundwater seepage and particle size of spawning substrates.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 114: 804?]812.

Spalding, S., N.P. Peterson, and T.P. Quinn.  1995.  Summer distribution, survival, and growth of juvenile coho salmon under varying experimental conditions of brushy instream cover.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124 (1): 124?]130.

Sparks, R.E.  1992.  Risks of altering the hydrologic regime of large rivers.  Pp. 119-152 in: J. Cairns, Jr., B.R. Niederlehner, and D.R. Orvos, editors.  Predicting ecosystem risk: advances in modern environmental toxicology, volume 20.  Princeton Scientific Publishing, Princeton, New Jersey.

Sparks, R.E., and A. Spink.  1998.  Disturbance, succession and ecosystem processes in rivers and estuaries: effects of extreme hydrologic events.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 14: 155-159.

Spina, A.P.  2001.  Incubation discharge and aspects of brown trout population dynamics.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130: 322-327.

Stalnaker, C.B.  1980.  The use of habitat structure preferenda for establishing flow regimes necessary for the maintenance of fish habitat.  Pp. 321-337 in: J.V. Ward and J.A. Stanford (eds.) The ecology of regulated streams.  Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York.

Stalnaker, C.B.  1981.  Low flow as a limiting factor in warmwater streams.  Pp. 192-199 in: L. Krumholz (ed.)  Warmwater Streams Symposium.  Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society.

Stalnaker, C.B.  1982.  Instream flow assessment comes of age in the decade of the 1970s.  Pp. 119-142 in: W.T. Mason, Jr., and S. Iker (ed.)  Research on fish and wildlife habitat.  EPA-600/8-82-022.

Stalnaker, C.B.  1993.  Fish habitat models in environmental assessments.  Pp. 104-162 in: S.G. Hildebrand and J.B. Cannon (eds.)  Environmental Analysis: The NEPA Experience.  CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Stalnaker, C.B.  1994.  Evolution of instream flow habitat modeling.  Chapter 14.  P. Calow and G.E. Petts (eds.)  The Rivers Handbook, Hydrological and Ecological Principles.  Vol. II.  Blackwell Scientific ...

Stalnaker, C.B., and J.L. Arnette.  1976.  Methodologies for determination of stream resource flow requirements: an assessment.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Washington, D.C.

Stalnaker, C.B., K.D. Bovee, and T.J. Waddle.  1996.  Importance of the temporal aspects of habitat hydraulics to fish population studies.  Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 12: 145-153.

Stalnaker, C.B., B.L. Lamb, J. Henriksen, K. Bovee, and J. Bartholow.  1995.  The instream flow incremental methodology: a primer for IFIM.  National Biological Service Biological Report 29.  45 pp.

Stalnaker, C.B., R.T. Milhous, and K.D. Bovee.  1989.  Hydrology and hydraulics applied to fishery management in large rivers, pp. 13-30 in: D.P. Dodge (ed.), Proceedings of the International Large Rivers Symposium.  Canadian Sp. Publ. Fish. Aquatic. Sci. 106.

Stanford, J.A.  1994.  Instream flows to assist the recovery of endangered fishes of the upper Colorado River basin.  National Biological Survey Biological Report 24.  47 pp.

Stanford, J.A., and J.V. Ward.  1993.  An ecosystem perspective of alluvial rivers: connectivity and the hyporheic corridor.  J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 12: 48-62.

Stanford, J.A., J.V. Ward, W.J. Liss, C.A. Frissell, R.N. Williams, J.A. Lichatowich, and C.C. Coutant.  1996.  A general protocol for restoration of regulated rivers.  Regulated Rivers 12: 391-414.

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Statzner, B., J.A. Gore, and V.H. Resh.  1988. Hydraulic stream ecology: observed patterns and potential applications.  Journal of the North American Benthological Society 17: 324-337.

Statzner, B., and B. Higler.  1986.  Stream hydraulics as a major determinant of benthic invertebrate zonation patterns.  Freshwater Biology 16: 127-139.

Stearly, R.F., and G.R. Smith.  1993.  Phylogeny of the Pacific trouts and salmons (Oncorhynchus) and genera of the family Salmonidae.  Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 122 (1): 1?]33.

Stednick, J.D.  1996.  Monitoring the effect of timber harvest on annual water yield.  J. Hydrol. 176: 79-95.

Stefferud, J.A.  1993.  Spawning season and microhabitat use by California golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss aquabonita) in the southern Sierra Nevada.  California Fish and Game 79: 133-144.

Steingrimsson, S.O., and J.W.A. Grant.  1999.  Allometry of territory-size and metabolic rate as predictors of self-thinning in young-of-the-year Atlantic salmon.  Journal of Animal Ecology 68: 17-26.

Stevens, D.E.  1977.  Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) year class strength in relation to river flow in the Sacramento-San Joaquin estuary, California.   Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 106 (1): 34-42.

Stevenson, R.J.  1990.  Benthic algal community and dynamics in a stream during and after a spate.  Journal of the North American Benthological Society 9:277-288.

Stevenson, R.J.  1996.  The stimulation and drag of current.  Pages 321-341 in: R.J. Stevenson, M.L. Bothwell, and R.L. Lowe, editors.  Algal ecology: freshwater benthic ecosystems.  Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.

Stier, D.J., and J.H. Crance.  1985.  Habitat suitability index models and instream flow suitability curves: American shad.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 82 (10.88).

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Stromberg, J.C.  1993.  Instream flow models for mixed deciduous riparian vegetation within a semiarid region.  Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 8: 225-235.

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